Just Me, No More, No Less

Monday, January 17, 2011

High Quality Blogs

With the internet becoming such a valuable part of every generations life, it’s no surprise that, “77% of Internet users read blogs” (Wilson, 2010). Blogs are an internet craze that’s caught on over the past few years because they’re a way for people to share their thoughts and opinions with the world. A blog is a website maintained by an individual who posts regular entries of commentary on news, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or videos. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs and websites. What distinguishes blogs from other websites that they’re interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and message one another (Wilson, 2010). The ability for readers to leave comments and interact with the writer and other users make this media outlet popular. Maintaining a successful blog requires an author create a blog with a purpose, design, high quality content and to write for an audience.

Determining the purpose of a blog can be difficult, but narrowing in on the theme will draw in a loyal audience. A blog should have a common theme throughout all posts. For instance, some blogs post reviews about particular shows, or sports games, while other blogs might read like a diary of a person’s daily life. Christine Savage has created a blog that clearly defines a theme of communication through the spirit. Her work is impressive and each blog clearly follows this theme. By clearly depicting a certain purpose for the blog, the audience can predict that future entries will be similar. Knowing what the blog is about will have readers who enjoy the topic consistently returning which in turn becomes a loyal fan base.

Another factor that makes a blog stand out is its graphics and design. A blog has to be visually appealing, and yet simple enough that the content is readable. Jennifer Roby upbeat design, the pink stripes are simple and yet fun allowing the text to be the centerpiece of the blog. The light pink non transparent background behind the text ensures that the words are clearly legible. Make sure that the design including fonts, backgrounds, and graphics are all something that’s easy on the eye of the audience. To enhance the design think about adding graphics such as pictures and videos to help draw in the attention of the readers,

Running a successful blog also means ensuring that the content provided is entertaining to an audience. What is written needs to be credible. It’s important that if the blog includes information from outside sources that information is fact and not fiction. Ensuring information is not misinterpreted is important, because while blogs are not always protected by the concept of free speech. “The Internet has allowed tens of millions of Americans to be published writers. But it also has led to a surge in lawsuits from those who say they were hurt, defamed or threatened by what they read, according to groups that track media lawsuits. While bloggers may have a free-speech right to say what they want online, courts have found that they are not protected from being sued for their comments, even if they are posted anonymously” (Savage, 2010). Therefore, a blog that provides reliable information is the blog that’s not only safe but also a blog that maintains a loyal audience.

A blog specifically written for an audience needs to be full of personality. The author should be passionate about their blog and what they write. It is clear to the audience when the writer isn’t passionate. A writer has proven to be enthusiastic in his blog writing is Trevor Singleton, who writes about many topics and provided strong content for his readers. Another way to capture the audience is to ensure that the blog is unique in some way. Covering the same things a hundred other people are writing about will not gain a large audience. Lastly, it is important that a blog has a schedule. Posting a certain day of the week every week will allow the audience to predict when the next update will be and when to check back. This is a great way to gain a loyal audience.

There are several important factors such as purpose, design, content and audience should be considered when making a great blog that will stand out against the rest. “Credibility, authority, passion, personality, reliability, empathy, reality, uniqueness, timeliness, and membership,” (Wilson, 2010) are all qualities that a reader wants to see in a blog. A successful blog will have a theme or purpose that the author has chosen to write about. The design of a blog will also be a large contributing factor in whether or not the blog well perceived. A credible blog will gain respect and popularity. “Blogging is no fad, no phenomenon. It is revolutionary. It is changing the way we do business, interact with others, follow politics, participate in pastimes” (Wilson, 2010).

Sources

Jennifer Roby. (2011, January 10). Jennifer’s blog. Blog Spot. Retrieved January 10, 2011 from http://jennifer-jenniferroby.blogspot.com/

Christine Savage. (2011, January 10). All types of communication. Blog Spot. Retrieved January 10, 2011 from http://christinetoomey.blogspot.com/

David G Savage. (2010, August 22). Blogger beware: Postings draw suits :Online anonymity can vanish in litigation over Internet remarks. Chicago Tribune,p. 1.26. Retrieved January 10, 2011, from Chicago Tribune. (Document ID: 2116422191).

Treva Singleton. (2011, January 10). Treva A.Y. Singleton. Blog Spot. Retrieved January 10, 2011 from http://taystopazcity.blogspot.com/

Wilson, C.. (2010, October). Web + log = Blog! The newest arm of the Fourth Estate. Dental Practice Management,5. Retrieved January 10, 2011, from CBCA Complete. (Document ID: 2188817621).

Organizational Communication

Communication is vital in today’s society, and the work force is no exception to this. Organizational communication is the “process through which organizations are created and in turn create and shape events. The process can be understood as a combination of process, people, messages, meaning, and purpose” (Shlockley-Zalabak, 2009). Communication is highly valued by employers; in fact organizations are hiring those with and education in communication. In today’s failing economy governments have offered extended benefits to laid off workers if they enroll in “training programs to improve their work skills” (Bradner, 2009). Communication is highly valued and one article suggests that, “the value of communication is equal to the costs plus the efforts of what you're communicating to the power of perception” (Lorenzo, 2003). This theory suggests that the effectiveness of communication can be defined by the mathematical formula listed above, and provides studies that prove that successful communication leads to more success in the company. A lack of communication can hinder the company’s growth, because without proper transmission of ideas nothing can be achieved. Communication is certainly impacted by several factors, but one of the most important is building open work relationships. Building positive relationships leads to a great foundation of communication for organizations.

Organizational communication is just as vital as the other forms of communication and also potentially the hardest to find success in. In a work environment there is always a hierarchy of people, a social ladder of sorts that is absolute and clear. People at the bottom of this ladder may find difficulty in communicating with those higher up. Most of the time I am an open book when I am around people, but when it comes to those I work with I tend to be pretty tight lipped. Some people go to work an empty shell, there simply to get the job done and get paid. Sharing who you are with these people can be scary, because they hold your livelihood in their hands. In my case, I will listen to my co-workers tell stories personal to them, but I do not tend to reciprocate that level of openness.

Communication channels must be explored and maximized efficiently in order for the company to thrive. Every channel of communication is important to an organization, success stems from complete communication, which means that every channel of communication should be implemented. Downward communication, which is a higher level employee communicating down to a lower level employee, is vital. Without proper downward communication new processes and important messages will not reach their intended targets. Supervisors are in charge of keeping their team on track, and must maintain constant communication to keep things running smoothly. Just the opposite, upward communication is just as key. In my life the upward communication can be a challenge because I am intimidated by my superiors. However, often time’s team members need to update their leader on processes or mistakes. Horizontal communication is something my company really expects from us, they ensure that we have enough downward communication and training to use the programs, but they intend that we be able to rely and depend on each other for assistance. It is important that companies promote strong bonds between their employees so that everybody can remain on the same page.

Every company seems to have its own grapevine, usually this is associated with gossip, but a grapevine can also be a vital way of going about getting the information needed. Sometimes it is not always clear who has the information needed, which in that case several channels are used at the same time. My company also employs a system of mentors, on the floor there are about thirty processors and we have two SME’s (subject matter experts) on the floor for assistance, they are there to help walk us through more difficult work. These people have become close, they’re someone to look up to and their willingness to help earns them respect. Communicating with them is easy. Personal networks and face to face communication are also means of transferring ideas. Each message has a distinct channel to be used for the best results. To determine the best channel, the effectiveness of each are weighted to come to the best result. According to the book, “research suggests that our attitude about the message and our willingness to have contact with the receiver significantly influence the channels we use for communication” (Shockley-Zalabak, 2009, 6.4.12)

Proper communication between supervisor and team member is important to maintaining a healthy work relationship. Having a negative relationship with your supervisor can be job threatening. People who get hung up on the trait approach can find leadership to be less than satisfactory, the trait approach suggests that it is “assumed that leaders possessed innate traits that made them effective; commonly referred to as the “great man” theory” (Shlockley-Zalabak, 2009). Sometimes it is not that your boss is a bad person, but that each have different styles of communication. For instance knowing how I like to work and function I would say that a manager who doesn’t care about their team would be a bad experience for me. I feel that I am a pretty versatile person in that I can adjust readily to those around me. I do know that there are certain ways in which I work best, but I like to be open minded to other methods as well. Following that up is the style approach which are “theories that attempt to identify a range of general approaches leaders use to achieve goals. The approaches are thought to be based on a leader’s assumptions about what motivates people to accomplish goals” (Shlockley-Zalabak, 2009). I would have to say that a style that I would be least likely to adequately conform to is a style that does not make me feel comfortable. For instance I was in a program of trying to learn a new method but the trainer made me feel very inferior and nothing he said stuck. The best approach for me is to learn in a non-pressured situation. I do not like to have people watching over my shoulder, a classroom setting is best practice for me. Learning on my own is also successful for me. Ensuring that a manager is aware of this approach as my strength is vital to maintaining a relationship and understanding between each other.

Understanding a culturally diverse environment helps promote positive communication. I cannot say that I have ever worked in a very culturally diverse environment myself but I’m aware that without a vast understanding, companies that are culturally diverse or deal overseas would never thrive. I have met several people though work that were from different countries, but they had been in the United States so long that they had become “Americanized.” I suppose possibly the biggest cultural difference I have personally experienced would be getting to know this woman I work with from Africa. She is very friendly and seems unaware of people’s personal space sometimes. This would fall under the term of self-discloser; however this trait has its pros and cons. Sometimes it is effective because she can open up communication easily and has no problem maintaining it. On the flipside there are times when she can be too friendly and invade your personal space, this has the opposite effect as before and has the other person shutting down in attempts to regain control of his or her own bubble of space. I have also worked with a Vietnamese woman who would sometimes dress in a more culturally traditional way. When I was new I felt a little intimidated by her when she dressed that way. I was afraid of saying something politically incorrect around her then because it was a brilliant reminder. However, as I got to know her this was not an issue. So at first it deterred my desire for communication, but once I was more aware of her and her background it didn’t have an affect besides drawing more respect from those around her.

Living in such a diverse cultural community means that we need to put forth even more effort into understanding each other and our differences. Communicating with people who are different can help gain understanding of the ever changing world. Being accepting of people who are not like I am, and enjoying them for that aids in my ability to connect to others. People need to realize that they should not judge based off of stereotypes and shallow first impressions. Getting to know someone can broaden your own perspective on life and break through the barriers of stereotypes. Sadly though, many times people fail discover new opportunities for growth due fears and close minded judgments. Many times large companies have institutions overseas, it is not uncommon for them to communicate electronically and in person. In these situations it has never been more important to have an understanding and respect for other cultures and their personal values. Often jobs require travel and sometimes that means out of the country, and in these scenarios employees need to be aware of expected customs and have a means of communication that will benefit both cultures.

Diminishing the negative effects of stereotypes can strengthen relationships which in turn would influence the quality of communication. I think most stereotypes have a negative connotation on the jobs they epitomize. For instance, the idea that the fast food career is for the poor, and uneducated or the idea that the “given groups of people are generally inferior” (Shlockley-Zalabak, 2009). Then there is the concept of fame as a career path, giving the idea that wealth and fame cause people to be conceited. There are some positive prejudices, such as corporate offices being people of respect and high education. I try not to be too judgmental, but the overall affect of it is still there. I think having grown up in central phoenix I certainly have had certain stereotypes drilled into my being. It is important that I do not rely upon pre-judged interpretations of people. For instance, I live in Arizona which is on the border of Mexico; jobs such as landscaping, and fast food now have a negative connotation. These stereotypes are just generalizations. They never match every single person in that position. Because of todays down economy people with high education are being forced to settle with jobs that don’t require a high level of education. I think that fast food does match its stereotype for the most part depending on the position held because they do not require education to be employed. Often there are a lot of teenagers or high school drop outs working these jobs, but we must remember that not everyone falls into such a shallow categories.

It is important for people to develop a lush sense of personal constructs rather than relying upon prototypes and global categorizations. Just as important is not falling victim to chronically accessible constructs which, “are likely to color and bias our interpretation of others and their messages” (Trenholm, 2008, 52). It is vital to find depth and diversity in the people around us. Even two people who are very similar on the surface can and usually do have vast differences underneath it all. By digging for the depth in people I will be able to have more productive conversations with them, and develop a bond stronger than the surface bonds that can be created because society does not look past their initial judgment of others.

Using the Johari Window to explore relationships can help determine the communication level between co-workers. The Johari Window “is one of the most useful models describing the process of human interaction. A four paned "window," as illustrated above, divides personal awareness into four different types, as represented by its four quadrants: open, hidden, blind, and unknown. The lines dividing the four panes are like window shades, which can move as an interaction progresses” (Duen Hsi Yen, 1999). Quadrant one which is referred to as the open quadrant represents the things that one would know about themselves and others also know. Quadrant two known as the blind quadrant is what others know about you, but you do not know about yourself. The third quadrant is the hidden quadrant which represents what you know about yourself, and others do not. The last quadrant the fourth hidden quadrant represents what you and others do not know. Companies should make their employees aware of this window, as it is an excellent source in understanding those around you and how opening up affects not only yourself, but also your peers.

I personally mapped out my relationship with one of my co-workers using the Johari Window and the results were enlightening. The girl I decided to analyze is my age, and someone who is very easy to talk to. While we have only been together for the past three months, I feel that we are disclosing our hidden information and opening up our open window at fast rate, we are still unsure of something about each other so full disclosure is impossible, but we have progressed rapidly along a line of trust which makes communication very easy between us. I am very comfortable with this relationship, I feel I have a strong trust for her and the information I disclose. I know she’ll take things the right way, so much to the fact that sometimes I have even been known to speak without thinking around her which is usually something I avoid at all costs with most people. More surprisingly I always felt that when it came to the work environment that I would have co-workers and not friends, I felt secure in my decision not to befriend anyone or indulge anyone to much in my hidden quadrant. However, that all changed with this new job and my new co-worker/friend. I appreciate the bond I have with this person, and am glad that I have someone who will be there for me in the workplace world, which can be nerve wrecking as your fate constantly lies in someone else’s hands. I would not change this relationship.

Organizations are a large family of relationships and ensuring that these affiliations remain strong for proper communication is vital. There are several means of entertaining this idea, however the most key area’s to stress have been listed. Communication channels are fundamental to an organizations success, ensuring the relationships between employees through these channels are necessary. Following that, it is also imperative to ensure that communication between team member and supervisor run smoothly in order to maintain a beneficial relationship. A Culturally diverse environment can be a stressor on relationships, but maximizing the understanding between cultures will provide for more efficient communication. Stereotypes can be damaging to the success of any company, and learning how to defuse predisposed judgments will lead to healthier relationships and more open communication. The Johari Window can be used by companies to explore the communication levels between employees, this activity can also be a skill builder towards strengthening these relationships. Organizational communication is critical to the success of any company; however, ensuring that the company understands the importance of the relationship of its employees they would find success.

Sources

Eric Bradner Capitol Bureau / (317) 631-7405 bradnere@courierpress.com.
          (2009, September 8).
Jobless insurance fund tops on agenda lawmakers see if $300M fix is in. Evansville
          Courier & Press (2007-Current),A.4. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from ProQuest
          Newsstand. (Document ID: 1875354981).
Lorenzo Sierra. (2003, June). Sierra's theory of communicativity. Communication World, 20
          (4), 38. Retrieved December 21, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:
          357794181).
Shockley-Zalabak, P. S. (2009) Fundamentals of organizational communication, knowledge,
          sensitivity, skills, values (seventh edition). 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Trenholm, S. (2008) Communication, an introduction to the study of human communication
(fifth edition). 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Duen Hsi Yen (1999) Johari Window. Noogenesis. Retrieved January 17, 2010, from
Noogenesis.com.

Effective Communication in Conflict Resolution

Conflict seems to be an inescapable part of life; however, having an understanding of conflict resolution devices and knowing how to use them effectively can impact the length and outcome of arguments. Many people often fall victim to quarrels that become too emotionally heated which makes it extremely difficult to reach a logical outcome to the problem. Other’s find it a challenge to efficiently confront a dilemma, which can sometimes allow it fester for months, or even worse potentially years. Disagreements are a difficult part of life, as they are hard to navigate leaving it a challenge to reach the outcome desired. Using resolution devices successfully in the communication of a conflict can lead to harmonious solutions.
            A critical first step in conflict is to determine the difference between real and unreal conflicts. Unreal conflicts, “either don't exist in reality but are thought to exist in someone's mind, or do exist in reality but are misperceived” (Cahn, 2007). They include false conflicts, displaced conflicts, and misplaced conflicts. Often unreal conflicts arise when people make a perception based upon limited facts or assumed facts, rather than taking in the whole situation. Unreal conflicts mirror real conflicts, “perceived threat involves a perception that one's partner is blaming and controlling the self. Perceived neglect involves a perception that one's partner is failing to make desired contributions or investments” (Sanford, 2010). Unreal conflicts are some of the most difficult to resolve because the real issue is difficult to get to, therefore conflict resolution techniques fail because they’re not meant to resolve something that doesn’t truly exist. In this case the perceived conflict becomes a conflict in itself, simply covering the original conflict. Both conflicts need to be explored and corrected before a resolution is possible. The best practice to solve this issue is to use tools such as listening and the ABC approach. Listening is best characterized by being open, a willingness to suspend judgment, patience, and empathy (Cahn, 2007). Once the unreal conflict has been laid out follow the ABC approach by focusing on the activating event/stressor (A), then on the relevant beliefs (B), and finally the consequences of the stressor (C). This can eliminate false perceptions and open the door to the real conflict.
            One of the tools that can be largely beneficial is the phase theory which is, “the assumption that conflict unfolds in fairly predictable ways over a period of time and progresses through recognizable stages of interaction” (Cahn, 2007). This cyclic theory presents the idea that certain phases of conflict can be foreseen making it possible to prepare and apply strategies that can resolve conflicts more quickly and peacefully. This theory consists of five phases: prelude to conflict, triggering event, initiation, differentiation, and finally the resolution. This theory can be used as an overview to all my disputes, and within it the three phases are executed and other devices are used to help mend the situation. It is important to look at the conflict as a whole and then evaluate the stages that it is likely to go through in order to discover the best possible solution.
            The first two phases are more about taking preventative measures to avoid conflict. It is important to explore the first phase referred to as the prelude to conflict stage which focuses on four dynamics. First the participants and the factors associated with them such as age, gender, number of people in the conflict. Second the relationship of the opposing parties which include factors such as hierarchy, depth of the affiliation, and dominating tendencies. Next possible third parties interested in the conflict which can either propagate the argument, or inspire a more relaxed debate. The fourth and last dynamic explores the environment both physical and social. Having an understanding of the dynamics involved in conflict gives a communicative advantage, in that being prepared for such factors allows those in the quarrel to predict the direction each participant will take the situation.
            The second phase known as the triggering event also known as a stimulus, “is a behavior that at least one person in the conflict points to as the “beginning” of the problem” (Cahn, 2007). This can be prompted by certain behaviors in another such as: a rebuff, illegitimate demands, criticism, noncumulative annoyance, cumulative annoyance, and even mutual cumulative annoyance. This stage is important because it not only imposes the conflict, but it can be seen as a precaution to avoid certain triggering behaviors such as those above. For instance a possible discord that might arise in the work place is the fluctuation of control. It’s not about taking control, it’s about ensuring control isn’t taken away from others, as others will experience the shift in control as a lack of respect and conflict will arise (Finniss, 2005), from an illegitimate demand. Learning how to communicate without initiating such behaviors can eliminate many disagreements. It is critical to understand the dynamics of those involved in the situation, professionally and personally. Everybody reacts different to stimuli and understanding how people will react makes it possible to avoid negative communication. Having this understanding affords the ability to avoid conflict by carefully wording the side of any discussion within that genre.
            Going into the later stages is where the involvement in resolution devices becomes essential to reaching the goal of an amicable resolution. The third stage known as “the initiation phase or response occurs when at least one person makes known to the other that a conflict exists, such as reacting to another's upsetting comment, pointing out the offensive nature of the other's behavior” (Cahn, 2007). It’s important that as the one presenting the conflict that it’s communicated in an effective means. A communication tool that makes this possible involves the S-TLC approach.
            It’s also good at this point to utilize anger controllers such as S-TLC (which is an acronym for stop, think, listen and communicate), because it allows each member to communicate without letting emotions such as anger and pain to dictate the argument. This device begins with stop, which is the point where one would take a step back from the situation and engage in logic rather than getting upset and emotional. Stop makes it possible to mentally focus on the issue at hand. Think is about considering what your goals, needs, and wants are. It is possible to intertwine these two, because many people almost immediately shut down and disengage from the argument so that they may contemplate the situation. This is a highly beneficial quality because it forces the opposition to stop and think as well. This way when everybody reconvenes it’s usually with even tempers and well thought out words. Once the first three acronyms are successful, it sets up more efficient communication
            The “differentiation phase or ongoing interaction pattern occurs when the participants use constructive or destructive strategies and tactics, presenting both sides of the story, moving back and forth, and escalating and de-escalating” (Cahn, 2007). This is the phase that is most important to wrap up quickly, because it’s easy to allow the problem to escalate and go unresolved for days, weeks or sometimes even longer. For instance compromise is a great tool to get to a resolution quickly. If both parties refuse to concede and admit to rights and wrongs, providing a resolution that balances on middle ground can sometimes resolve the problem as neither party fully wins or loses the debate. Each member a gives a little and each member takes a little. “If there is a problem with the message, express it openly and allow the opportunity for open dialogue in efforts to reach a compromise” (Green, 2010). Compromise often the preferred conflict style that people go to most often. It’s a strong asset when it comes to conflict communication. It almost always works with all types of people, co-workers, friends, family, partners etc. However, when the chosen conflict style fails it’s important to use other strategies such as assertive communication as a backup.
            Another way to quickly end the differentiation stage is threw a critical device known as assertive communication which is, “defined as the ability to speak up for one's interests, concerns, or rights in a way that does not interfere with the interests or infringe on the rights of others” (Cahn, 2007). The final phase is the resolution phase which is when the involved parties agree to an outcome for matter at hand. This is culmination of the communication that was explored in the previous phases, which should meet the needs, wants, and goals of each party. When cultivating a win-win resolution becomes too difficult such as in divorce, mediation can be a key tool to success.
            Of course the goal of the resolution phase is a best case scenario that the resolution be win-win for both parties involved. Although not all resolutions occur in a way that is beneficial for both parties, sometimes its win-lose, or even lose-lose. This means that some resolutions may just be a temporary remedy to a battle, but as it’s said the war isn’t over. In this case forgiveness may become the ultimate goal in a conflict that cannot be fixed. Forgiveness is an integral part of healing the wounds of conflict and finding peace. For instance there are a few circumstances life where a win-win resolution or even a win-lose resolution was impossible to obtain. Unresolved conflicts leave people stressed out and agitated, the thought of these conflicts continuously haunt people causing anxiety. It’s no healthy to hold on to irresolvable conflicts, when possible forgiving is the best route to finding peace. It’s certainly not always easy, and not always accomplishable, but it should be the final goal to completing a conflict.
            Using conflict devices throughout the five stages of effective conflict communication is the best course to reach a sound and peaceful conclusion to an argument. Grasping the factors involved in the prelude to a conflict is important if conflict is to be avoided. Responding accurately to the triggering event can also avoid a full blown controversy. Effectively ending the differentiation period in a timely manner can be achieved by using conflict management devices. Reaching the resolution can sometimes only be a temporary solution, in order to avoid discussion of the conflict later on each party needs to fully feel content in the outcome. Communication is necessary factor when it comes to conflict resolution. Without proper communication, a resolution would never arise.

Sources

Cahn, D.D., and Abigail, R.A. (2007). Managing conflict through communication (3rd
ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.

        'CCF's Unconventional Wisdom: New Data and Trends in American Families'. (9 April).
          U.S. Newswire. Retrieved June 25, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document
          ID: 2004952401).

       Green, V.. (2010, April). President's Column. The South Carolina Nurse, 17(2), 2. Retrieved
          June 25, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document
          ID: 2065542101).

       Rhonda Finniss. (2005, August). Control is at the root of most conflict. Administrative
          Assistant's Update,5. Retrieved June 25, 2010, from Career and Technical Education.
         (Document ID: 884365281).

       Sanford, K.. (2010). Perceived Threat and Perceived Neglect: Couples' Underlying Concerns
         During Conflict. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 288. Retrieved June 25, 2010, from
         Research Library. (Document ID: 2066484861).

Conflict Management

The, “phase theory starts with the assumption that conflict unfolds in fairly predictable ways over a period of time and progresses through recognizable stages of interaction,” (Cahn, 2007). This cyclic theory presents the idea that certain phases of conflict can be foreseen making it possible to prepare and apply strategies that can resolve conflicts more quickly and peacefully. Effective conflict communication is presented in five phases (prelude to conflict, triggering event, initiation, differentiation, resolution) which when paired with the correct devices can present a harmonious solution.
            The first stage is the prelude to conflict; this stage focuses on the participants involved in the situation, their relationship, third parties interested in the conflict, and finally the environment. When considering the participants, factors such as age, gender, and number of people in the conflict. The relationship between those in the argument also has factors such as, “Are the participants in a hierarchical or equal relationship? How well do they know each other, both in breadth and depth of knowledge? Does one tend to dominate the other? How have they handled conflict in the past” (Cahn, 2007). The third parties in the confrontation are often seen as having a calming effect, although sometimes they can perpetuate the argument. Even the environment plays a part on how conflicts may play out. Having an understanding of these factors gives a communicative advantage, in that being prepared for such dynamics allows those in the quarrel to predict the direction each participant will take the situation.
            The second stage known as the triggering event also known as a stimulus, “is a behavior that at least one person in the conflict points to as the “beginning” of the problem” (Cahn, 2007). This can be triggered by certain behaviors in another such as: a rebuff, illegitimate demands, criticism, noncumulative annoyance, cumulative annoyance, and even mutual cumulative annoyance. This stage is important because it not only imposes the conflict, but it can be seen as a precaution to avoid certain triggering behaviors such as those above. Learning how to communicate without initiating such behaviors can eliminate many disagreements.
            The third stage known as “the initiation phase or response occurs when at least one person makes known to the other that a conflict exists, such as reacting to another's upsetting comment, pointing out the offensive nature of the other's behavior” (Cahn, 2007). This is the first stage where use of certain conflict management devices becomes an obvious and desired tool to overcome disputes. One such device is known was the feeling statement, which is a description of one’s feelings. This is a good device to use because it gives the other person an opportunity to consider the feelings of the other; it’s not so much an attack but a calm presentation of another’s pain. It’s also good at this point to utilize anger controllers such as S-TLC, because it allows each member to communication without letting emotions such as anger and pain to dictate the argument.
            The “differentiation phase or ongoing interaction pattern occurs when the participants use constructive or destructive strategies and tactics, presenting both sides of the story, moving back and forth, and escalating and de-escalating” (Cahn, 2007). This is the phase that is most important to wrap up quickly, allowing the problem to escalate and go unresolved for days, weeks or sometimes even longer than that can be a mess. For issues that go unresolved for too long devices like mediation can be a strong asset to the feud, as it allows a third party to intervene by providing a social environment in which each party can feel open to discuss the problem. Another device popular in this phase is compromise. This is important because if both parties refuse to concede and admit to rights and wrongs, providing a resolution that balances on middle ground can sometimes resolve the problem as neither party fully wins or loses the debate. Each member gives a little, and each member takes a little.
            The final phase is the resolution phase which is when the involved parties agree to an outcome for matter at hand. While a best case scenario is that the resolution be win-win for both parties involved, it doesn’t always work out like that. Sometimes a resolution doesn’t even mean it’s over, as resolution can happen in two different orientations: “resolution (the participants never have to deal with the issue again) or management (the parties have dealt with the issue for now, but not to the satisfaction of all the parties involved, so the issue may come up again in the future)” (Cahn 2007). The management solution often means that one party is still dissatisfied with the conclusion which will be revisited. Resolutions can be achieved through devices such as providing a nurturing conflict environment where each party feels comfortable enough to truly voice their opinions and feelings in order to reach a desired outcome.
            Using conflict devices throughout the five stages of effective conflict communication is the best course to reach a sound and peaceful conclusion to an argument. Grasping the factors involved in the prelude to a conflict is important if conflict is to be avoided. Responding accurately to the triggering event can also avoid a full blown controversy. Effectively ending the differentiation period in a timely manner can be achieved by using conflict management devices. Reaching the resolution can sometimes only be a temporary solution, in order to avoid discussion of the conflict later on each party needs to fully feel content in the outcome. Communication is necessary factor when it comes to conflict resolution. Without proper communication, a resolution would never arise.

Source
Cahn, D.D., and Abigail, R.A. (2007). Managing conflict through communication
(3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.

The Effectiveness of Humor on Persuasion

Humor comes in many forms such as wit, satire, sarcasm, irony, farce, parody, mimicry and even parody. Humor is something that is experienced even in the earliest stages of life (Cohen, 2010). Humor is just as prevalent in the life experience of a human as the use of persuasion. The effectiveness of humor can be seen when applied to persuasion theories such as the Mere Exposure theory, the Consistency theory and the Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion.

Humor can be applied to many persuasion theories but one particular theory is the ME theory. “Mere Exposure Theory, also known as the Mere Exposure Effect, states that repeated exposure to an unfamiliar stimulus can in and of itself increase positive affect toward the stimulus” (Seiter & Glass, 2004). This theory is one that simply grows on a person. It’s not often recognized by individuals, but it’s widely applied in everyday life. For instance with advertising, the more a commercial is run the more a person begins to relate to it. However, this approach isn’t always positive, when people are over exposed to things the opposite of the desired effect can be applied: people begin to despise the product. My own personal experience with this theory has to do with this girly song called Tic Toc, the more I heard it and familiarized myself with the more I enjoyed it. However, when I heard it to many times on the radio I began to hate the song. Humor has played a positive role in re-acclimating me to that particular song as this male coworker of mine would walk around the office singing it. The song once again has a positive spin on it because a new respected source that used humor was applied. “Humor might be effective in persuasion is by increasing liking for the source. In particular, the choice of humor might illustrate a shared sense of humor that hints at a similar set of underlying values. It has been suggested that moods during a persuasive message might be attributed to the source” (Lyttle, 2001). This theory requires a balance between all variables, the right amount of exposure vs. the right amount of humor.

Psychological Consistency theories are also affected by humor. “These theories share the common assumption that individuals have an innate desire to hold consistent beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors” (Seiter & Glass, 2004). The strength of the consistency theory has to do with the populations need for consistency in life. It’s a natural desire to have a form of consistency in all forms of life, as we are raised to place a high value on it.
Humans work well in patterns, and given such it is an unconscious desire to maximum consistency in even the smallest matters. Persuasion often takes advantage of this particular theory, and humor within that persuasion can play large role. “Humor might be effective in persuasion [by blocking] systematic/central processing by distracting receivers from constructing counterarguments. This effect has been confirmed repeatedly. The effect may be even stronger when ironic humor is used” (Lyttle, 2001). An example of this taking place can be seen everyday life, say a person likes the actor Adam Sandler and goes into buy one of his movies, the salesclerk ends up targeting his love and locates a collection of Adam Sandler movies. The salesclerk can use humor to distract the client from finding negatives in the sales pitch, and therefore swindling the client into five movies instead of one. The weakness of this is that the client could potentially get annoyed with the use of humor in this situation, and walk away with nothing.

Another theory referred to as the Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion “operates on the assumption that individuals rely on two different modes of information processing. One mode, called systematic processing, is more thoughtful, deliberate, and analytical. This mode focuses on the content of the message. The other mode, called heuristic processing, is more reflexive or automatic. Heuristic processing is based on the application of decision rules or heuristic cues, such as mental shortcuts, which simplify information processing and decision making” (Seiter & Glass, 2004). This theories strength is drawn from today’s society of apathetic beings. People are looking for the simplest way to reach a reliable outcome and it’s become a trained process to rely on mental shortcuts to get to a desirable place. This is the simplest theory to apply humor to, simply put, humor can make a person feel warm and comfortable therefore kicking into gear the heuristic theory. Instead of consciously putting in the effort to find the best product, it’s easy to just go with what feels right. “One way that humor might be effective in persuasion is by creating positive affect. People who are in a good mood are less likely to disagree with a persuasive message and more likely to rely on heuristic/peripheral cues” (Lyttle, 2001). Obviously the adverse affect would be that if humor happened to be at the expense of the target, making them feel uncomfortable and in a bad mood. Now, no longer trusting of the source and their feelings, the client may switch to a critical evaluation of the persuasion at hand.

When theories such as the Mere Exposure theory, the Consistency theory and the Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion are used in unison with humor, different values of effectiveness can be calculated. Humor can be effective by creating a positive effect, putting a person in a good mood which makes them less likely to disagree with a persuasive message. Humor can be used to make someone more comfortable with the source, and therefore a bond is created with strengthens the ability to persuade. Comedy can also be used to distract receivers from being analytical making persuasion an easier task.

Sources

Cohen, S.B. "Humor." World Book Advanced Encyclopedia. World Book, 2010. Web.
Retrieved April 27.

Jim Lyttle. (2001). The effectiveness of humor in persuasion: The case of business ethics
training. The Journal of General Psychology, 128(2), 206-16. Retrieved April 27,
2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 77223102).

Seiter, J. E., and Gass, R. H. (2004), Perspectives on Persuasion, Social Influence, and
Compliance Gaining, Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Education, Inc.

Persuasion, Manipulation & Seduction

The world is full of opinions, theories, and thoughts. Each person evolving their own views on life and all that it holds. As a basic human trait, it is not uncommon that people choose to believe that their evaluation of the world is correct, and therefore it becomes necessary to set about convincing others. It is impossible to ignore the obvious attempts, and impossible to avoid the subliminal attempts. At every turn a type of persuasion is available, and each person reacts differently depending on the technique applied. Persuasion, manipulation and even seduction can be used to change someone’s opinion, all three terms sharing a common goal but each one unique in its method influence.

Persuasion is the basic and least callous of the three terms. Persuasion can be all inclusive and include the other terms, but more often it can stand on its own. Determining a single definition for persuasion is near impossible, so many exist and they change throughout society’s growth. The simplified idea is that persuasion is intended to induce belief or action, that it’s a form of social influence. “One agent (the speaker) wishes to persuade another agent (the listener) to take a certain action. Whether or not the listener should take the action is dependent on information possessed by the speaker” (Glazer & Rubinstein, 2004). A modern day example of persuasion is advertisements, the whole point of an advertisement is to supply ample details to the listener to convince them that their product, event etc is worth the listeners time, money etc. Many advertisements are full of humor, which seems like a great asset to assist in persuasion. “Those concerned with politics, advertising, or rhetoric often suggest that humor enhances the effectiveness of a persuasive message. Yet research considering the effects of humor on message effectiveness suggests that its contribution is questionable” Markiewicz (1974). Even though extensive research has been done to analyze persuasion, still little has been determined that a majority of people feel committed to. Persuasion is an art, that is ever evolving and unique to every individual.

A form of persuasion called manipulation is a callous form of pressure. Manipulation can simply be defined as an exercise of shrewd or devious influence especially for one’s own advantage. So independent from persuasion, manipulation takes advantage of a person’s emotions and feelings for the speakers own potentially malicious devices. “Certain kinds of ‘manipulation’ that bypass or somehow supersede or fundamentally distort the human capacity for practical reasoning are salient examples of responsibility-undermining factors” (Fischer, 2004). Manipulation is a blatant lack of responsibility by the speaker, who is out to deceive the listener for their own gain. Manipulation that succeeds can essentially cause a person to do something that they otherwise wouldn’t normally do, something that could potentially not be in their best interests. “Persuasion thus may play a role in manipulation of dimensions, both by facilitating a change in audience opinion and by influencing other perceptions of audience opinion” (Paine, 1989). When executed correctly manipulation can undermine a weak mind to act for another, or the way that the speaker is intending. This conniving form of persuasion often leaves the manipulated feeling used, abused and without control of their own lives.

Another form of persuasion is referred to as seduction, which is rarely considered without sexual connotations. Seduction is simply defined as enticing or inducing someone to engage in a sexual relationship, to win over or attract someone. Seduction is a form of romantic courtship which can be used in both a right and a wrong way. The right way seduction can be used to attract and charm, to create romance in relationships. The wrong use of seduction can lead to regret and potentially rape. “Among human beings sexual pursuit takes many forms. Some forms, like courtship, are morally innocuous. Other forms like rape are categorically immoral. Still other forms are provisionally immoral. Such forms of sexual pursuit involve a wrongful element sufficient to render them wrongful on balance provided that this wrongful element is not counterbalanced by even more important competing moral considerations” (Cave, 2009). Seduction is a powerful form of persuasion because it takes advantage of emotions and hormones. Used appropriately it can lead two people to a place leaves them feeling high. Used inappropriately it can leave a person to feel worse than what manipulation can. People who are taken advantage of by seduction feel preyed upon and left vulnerable.

Persuasion, manipulation and seduction can all lead people to believe another person’s opinions. Such influences come with responsibility, used inappropriately they can at worst destroy a person’s life, however used responsibly they can open new possibilities to people who are open to alternative views. Influence allows people to affect others and it’s consistently part of each individual’s life. Television, books, people, and all other sorts of day to day influences are trying to entice and persuade people one way or the other.

Sources

Cave, E.M. (2009). Unsavory seduction. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 12(3), 235-
            245. Retrieved April 12, 2010, from JSTOR database.
Fischer, J.M. (2004). Responsibility and manipulation. The Journal of Ethics, 8(2), 145-
            177. Retrieved April 12, 2010, from JSTOR database.
Glazer, J. & Rubinstein A. (2004). On optimal rules of persuasion. Econometrica, 72(6),
            1715-1736. Retrieved April 12, 2010, from JSTOR database.

Markiewicz, D. (1974). Effects of humor on persuasion. Sociometry, 37(3), 407-422.
Retrieved April 12, 2010, from JSTOR database.

Paine, S.C. (1989). Persuasion, manipulation and dimension. Cambridge University
Press. 51(1), 36-49. Retrieved April 12, 2010 from JSTOR database.

Communication Skills

Definition seven presented in the text book suggests that communication is “the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc., by the use of symbols—words, pictures, figures, graphs, etc” (Trenholm, 2008, pg. 20). This is the most appealing definition, it feels all encompassing and yet still open to interpretation. Humans begin communicating from the moment they are born. Every parent fretfully waits for that first cry of a screaming infant protesting the new cold surroundings. That first scream signifying the child is alive, and the child expresses the first emotion of unhappiness. Without the ability to communicate with each other we would have been a very ill evolved species, and all the advances the human race has made to date would not exist. People should be motivated to study communication because it is such a vital part of today and tomorrow’s society. It is important to have an understanding of how to communicate interpersonally, in a group, and organizationally.

I believe I am very competent in my interpersonal communication skills. It is important to know how to speak your mind, how to listen, and how respond to what others are saying. Having versatile language skills can aid in communication; in the world we will have to communicate with all ages, five to eighty five. Vocabulary certainly helps differentiate between who you’re talking to. Vocabulary skills are vital to communication; an article (“Girls more ready to learn than boys: study,” 2006) suggests that activities like sports can be a great skill building setting for vocabulary and communication. I feel I have a wide vocabulary and imagination that allows me to formulate words in ways that everyone can understand. Everyone from friends, family, romantic partners to co-workers are unique in their methods of communication and understanding that is beneficial. People communicate in several different ways, it is important to be able to pick up and understand those around you in order to initiate good conversation. Speaking to one another is how we get to know each other and without positive communication we begin to misunderstand those around us. Without communication there is no group effort to complete tasks, resulting in less advancement.

Living in such a diverse cultural community means that we need to put forth even more effort into understanding each other and our differences. Communicating with people who are different can help gain understanding of the ever changing world. Being accepting of people who are not like I am, and enjoying them for that aids in my ability to connect to others. Often people stick in groups based upon similarities, such as shared values, morals and overall beliefs about life. We tend to instinctively reach out to those who have the best chance of understanding us, and that is someone we have a lot in common with. For instance I want people around me who have an abundance of positive traits, or people who believe in justice and equality. However, people need to realize that they should not judge based off of stereotypes and shallow first impressions. Getting to know someone can broaden your own perspective on life and break through the barriers of stereotypes. Sadly though, many times people fail discover new opportunities for growth due fears and close minded judgments.

Communication tends to follow three relationship development dialectics: expressive-protective, autonomy-togetherness and novelty-predictability. In the beginning of relationships we tend to be more introverted or protective of ourselves and what we choose to share with each other. As a relationship bond grows the level of trust and understanding increases and therefore the amount of self-disclosure also increases. I believe that being in an intimate relationship people usually choose more togetherness vs. autonomy, especially in the beginning, before the balance of intimacy and independence levels out. Oftentimes relationships can become very predictable after awhile, making one key to success in relationships a person’s ability to find novelty in the routine and mundane. One article suggests that, “the goal is to find ways to keep injecting novelty into the relationship” (Parker-Pope, 2009). Humans bond over sharing new experiences with each other. All dialectic tensions are very prominent in relationships and I have definitely had my fare share of dealing with them. Sometimes it is easier to find balance in the first two, but last one novelty vs. predictability has always been a struggle.

Finding success in interpersonal communication seems pretty straight forward, but it is just as important to be able to thrive in group communications. I find success in this due to my ability to be like a chameleon and change my communication style to fit those around me. As an individual I am very mature, quiet, loyal, passionate, and optimistic. Finding a way to make these traits positive aids in my ability to communicate has been beneficial. Maturity makes it very easy to relate to people of all ages. People seem to appreciate passion, and those around them who seem to have a genuine interest in the conversation. Optimism and a positive outlook on life always manages to put an upbeat spin on the dialogue.

The ability to switch between being the leader or the follower makes it easier to find a place or role within a group. In a party where I am the dominant personality, I have no trouble taking the reins of the discussion. In that scenario leadership skills and responsibility become second nature. However, if there is a more dominant personality in the group I will follow their management if I am confident in the other person’s ability to get the job done. In a group certain territorial boundaries are established, and when these boundaries are crossed issues such as jealousy can arise. Every day can be a constant battle over affections and attention of friends and family. Outsiders to well established groups usual find a struggle when trying to integrate because roles begin to shift and humans tend to resist change because it is a challenge. An outsider usually must put in more effort than anyone else to make their inclusion as seamless as possible. For example, I get very territorial when my best friend mentions hanging out with other people, because I fear that I will lose her.

Social scientists find that the, “psychological distance between our personal bubble and others is established whenever situations allow it” (Kelleher, 1995). Personal space is something that is constantly challenged in new groups with people who have different understandings of the term. Usually people keep those they don’t know so well at least an arms distance away from them at all times, this is sometimes referred to as their bubble. The closer two people become mentally tends to correlate equally in a physical aspect. I keep strangers at a large distance, but my family and best friends can be right on top of me. Being so close physically is an intimate interaction which requires trust and understanding between two people. A person’s level of personal physical space relates directly to the first dialect. More personal space is to closed communication as less personal space is to open communication. However, that’s not always the case. Some people due to their nature or the way they were brought up do not put as much store in the idea of personal space. There are those people who get to close for comfort to strangers and this can have a strained affect on the conversation causing the other person to flee.

Extended families are large groups, and each person in that group has a well defined and definite role. For instance in my family my mother the organizer, the leader, the one everyone looks up to for sane advice. My grandmother is the nurturer, the one we can all turn to when we need the warmth of a kind heart. I also have members of the family that fill roles such as the selfish one, the trouble maker and so on. My own personal role in this family tends to be the idolized one. They all tend to put me on a pedestal of perfection. I get along with everyone because they seem to feel better about themselves when they are in my presence, and fell important to be talking to me.

It can be difficult to define a difference between the rolls of co-worker and friend once the line has been blurred, so some people tend not to intertwine them at all. For instance I have a wonderful co-worker at my new job who would probably be a great companion outside of work, but due to a shared job I do not intend to develop a friendship outside of the office. I am a very friendly person, and it is difficult for me to separate my bubbly personality from the way I should act around my superiors which causes me to have a communication shut down. I am very intimidated by my superiors, not matter how wonderful they are and this has a dramatic impact on our relationship. It is very difficult for me to have any communication with them.

In today’s failing economy governments have offered extended benefits to laid off workers if they enroll in “training programs to improve their work skills” (Bradner, 2009). Having good work content skills is important to organizational communication. Skills such as problem solving, time management and teaching are all beneficial to a company and its success and they often look for these aptitudes in new hires. Personal skills such as flexibility, enthusiasm and persistence can also be valuable in an office setting, mastering these skills have had a strong impact on the way my employer judges me. Technical skills such as computer literacy, graphic design and research have been becoming even more important in today’s society. Having been trained with these skills sets you apart from those who haven’t, without these skills it’d be difficult to get any job.

Being able to communicate interpersonally, in a group, and organizationally are vital skills for success in life. It is important to study communication to master each style of correspondence. Studying vocabulary, cultural differences, and relationship dialects can make it easier to understand and communicate with the people around you. Understanding yourself makes it easier to develop a bond with others. Leadership, territorial and role issues are bound to plague and relationship, but the more you learn about it the more likely these problems can be overcome without concern. Communicating at work due to hierarchal chains can be difficult, but having mastered organizational skills can make this transition easier. Nobody can escape communication, it is all around and all encompassing, the better it is understood the more success one can find in life.

Sources

Girls more ready to learn than boys: study. (2006, December 28). The Times - Transcript,p. B2.
Retrieved November 30, 2009, from Canadian Newsstand Complete. (Document
ID: 1187319001).

Kathleen Kelleher. (1995, July 24). Up Close and Personal? Uh, No Thanks :[Home
Edition]. Los Angeles Times (pre-1997 Fulltext),p. 3. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from
Los Angeles Times. (Document ID: 21499671).

Tara Parker-Pope. (2009, May 4). Old Love, Renewed; Scientists have found that rekindling a
flame may be as easy as breaking routine. National Post,AL.5. Retrieved November 30,
2009, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 1701482731).

Trenholm, S. (2008) Communication, an introduction to the study of human communication
(fifth edition). 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.